Conifer Plantations

Why were large-scale conifer plantations established in Britain, particularly after the World Wars?

Large-scale conifer plantations were primarily established to rebuild strategic timber reserves following shortages experienced during the First and Second World Wars. This led to a national effort to increase timber production, with the Forestry Commission being formed in 1919 specifically for this purpose. 

When did the conversion of existing woodlands to conifer plantations primarily occur in Britain?

While coniferous afforestation began after World War I, a significant period of converting and replanting existing woodlands, including broadleaf woodlands, occurred between the 1950s and 1970s. This was particularly relevant in areas like the Sidmouth area, which contained older beech plantations.

What were some of the common conifer species introduced in these plantations and why were they chosen?

Commonly introduced species included Sitka Spruce, Norway Spruce, Douglas Fir, Scots Pine, and Larch. These species were chosen for their fast growth, high yield, and desirable timber qualities. For example, Sitka Spruce was favoured for its very fast growth, while Douglas Fir was valued for high-quality structural timber.

How did these conifer plantations affect native woodland habitats?
 

The establishment of dense conifer plantations often replaced or altered native woodland structure and species composition. The deep shade and needle litter inhibited the growth of native plants. Notably, 29 percent of ancient woodland in the UK was cleared and replanted with conifers during the twentieth century.

What is the typical lifespan of these plantation conifers, and when are those planted in the mid-20th century due for harvesting?

The typical lifespan and harvest cycle vary by species. For example, Sitka Spruce has a rotation period of 40-60 years, meaning those planted between 1950-1970 are generally harvested between 1990-2030. Douglas Fir planted in the mid-century are typically due for harvest between the 2020s and 2040s. Many Norway Spruce and Larch plantations from this period have either been harvested already or are due soon.

What are the potential outcomes and management strategies for these plantations after harvesting?

After harvesting, the future of these sites can involve several approaches. These include replanting with commercial conifers for continued timber production (a "second rotation"), allowing the area to regenerate naturally with native plants, or actively restoring semi-natural habitats like native broadleaf woodland or heathland.

How is habitat restoration being prioritised after conifer harvesting, particularly on former ancient woodland or heathland sites?

There is a growing emphasis on restoring the semi-natural habitats that were replaced by plantations. This is particularly focused on ancient woodland sites, with efforts to reintroduce native broadleaf species. On sites that were historically heathland, restoration can involve removing tree stumps, soil preparation, and encouraging native heathland species like heather.

In addition to timber production and full restoration, what other management techniques are being used in conifer plantations to improve their value for wildlife?

Even where conifers are retained, management plans aim to improve wildlife value. This can involve creating a mosaic of clearfelled and young plantation areas, selective thinning to allow more light to the understory and encourage native plant growth, retaining old trees, and implementing techniques like "veteranisation" and creating deadwood to provide habitats for various species.

 

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